Subject(s)
Humans , Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis , Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology , Coronary Artery Disease/rehabilitation , Myocardial Ischemia/diagnosis , Myocardial Ischemia/therapy , Cardiomyopathies/therapy , Adenosine/administration & dosage , Ultrasonography, Doppler/methods , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Echocardiography, Stress , DobutamineABSTRACT
Background: The incidence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) has markedly increased in India over the past few years. Considering the variations in racial, dietary and lifestyle patterns in our population, it is essential to study the biology of coronary atherosclerosis in our patients. Vulnerable plaques have a large number of foam cells, extracellular lipid, thin fibrous caps and clusters of inflammatory cells and are more prone to rupture. These plaques are nourished by the microvessels arising from the vasa vasorum of the blood vessels and by lumen-derived microvessels through the fibrous cap. This autopsy study was designed to analyse the coronary arterial tree in cases of sudden cardiac death, classify coronary atherosclerotic plaques and to assess the factors contributing to vulnerability of the plaques including inflammation, calcification and microvascular density. Materials and Methods: Seven cases of sudden cardiac death were included in the study. The hearts were perfusion-fixed and the coronary arteries along with their main branches were dissected and studied. The location of the plaques, type of plaques, presence of inflammation and calcification were assessed. The cap thickness and microvessel density per 1000um 2 were assessed. The statistical significance was estimated. Results and Conclusions: Extensive high-grade coronary atherosclerotic disease was seen in all sudden cardiac death cases. Majority of the plaques were vulnerable. High-grade inflammation was seen in most of the vulnerable and ruptured plaques. All the ruptured plaques were uncalcified indicating that calcification probably stabilizes the plaques and protects against rupture. Increased microvessel density was noted in ruptured plaques compared to vulnerable plaques. However, it was not statistically significant.
ABSTRACT
Fundamentos: A resposta de reparação vascular é um importante fator no desenvolvimento de reestenose e trombose no stent. O presente estudo foi planejado para avaliar a reparação vascular com stents não-farmacológicos (SNF) comparados a stents com liberação de everolimus (SLE) e de beta-estradiol (SLB) em um modelo experimental de fibroateroma de capa fina (FACF) em animais com aterosclerose crônica. Método: Foram analisados 16 coelhos hipercolesterolêmicos da raça Nova Zelândia acompanhados por quatro anos. Desses animais, 6 receberam SNF, 5 receberam SLE e 5, SLB (Guidant, Santa Clara, Califórnia, Estados Unidos). Um stent com polímero também foi implantado em cada animal. Resultados: Análises histológicas realizadas aos 28 dias, comparando FACF de novo com FACF com implante de SNF, SLE e SLB, demonstraram que os stents com polímero induziram escores mais altos de fibrina e hemorragia. Os SLB induziram escores mais altos de inflamação e fibrina e escores mais baixos de endotelização. Os SLE induziram escores mais altos de inflamação, fibrina e hemorragia. SLB e SLE induziram escores de reparação semelhantes. A porcentagem das áreas de colágeno tipo I foi semelhante nos quatro tipos de stents. A porcentagem das áreas de colágeno tipo III foi mais alta com SNF quando comparados ao polímero e aos stents farmacológicos. Conclusão: Os stents farmacológicos estão associados a inflamação reduzida, mas crescente, deposição de fibrina e hemorragia, que parecem estar relacionadas aos efeitos vasculares do polímero.
Background: The vascular healing response is an important factor in the development of restenosis and stent thrombosis. This study was designed to evaluate the vascular healing of bare metal stents (BMS) compared to everolimus (EES) and beta-estradiol (BES) eluting stents in a chronic atherosclerotic experimental animal model of thin cap fibroatheroma (TCFA). Methods: Sixteen New Zealand hypercholesterolemic rabbits followed for 4 years were studied. Six animals received BMS, 5 EES, and 5 BES (Guidant, Santa Clara, CA). One polymer stent per animal was also implanted. Results: Histologic analysis at 28 days of de-novo vs. BMS, EES, and BES stented TCFA showed polymer stents induced a higher fibrin and hemorrhage score. BES induced higher inflammation and fibrin scores and a lower endothelization score. EES induced higher inflammation, fibrin and hemorrhage scores. BES and EES induced similar healing scores. Percent collagen I areas were similar in all 4 types of stents. Percent collagen III areas were higher in BMS when compared to polymer and drugeluting stents. Conclusion: Drug-eluting stents are associated with low but increased inflammation, fibrin deposition and hemorrhage which seem to be related to the polymer's vascular effects.
Subject(s)
Animals , Guinea Pigs , Rabbits , Stents , Atherosclerosis/complications , Models, Animal , RabbitsABSTRACT
Introdução: Stents farmacológicos e stents não-farmacológicos (SNF) são utilizados no tratamento de placas ateroscleróticas instáveis e podem levar à estabilização dos fibroateromas de capa fina (FACF). Este estudo foi desenhado para avaliar os efeitos estabilizadores dos SNF e dos stents farmacológicos em modelo experimental de FACF. Método: O estudo avaliou 16 coelhos hipercolesterolêmicos da raça Nova Zelândia, acompanhados por quatro anos, dos quais 6 receberam SNF, 5 receberam stents SNF, 5 receberam stents com liberação de everolimus (SLE) e 5, stents com liberação de 17-b estradiol (SLB) (Guidant - Santa Clara, California, Estados Unidos). Um Stent com polímero também foi implantado em cada animal. Análises histológicas aos 28 dias dos FACF não tratados vs. FACF com implante de SLE, SLB e SNF foram realizadas. Resultados: Os FACF tratados com SNF, SLE e SLB mostraram redução da área lipídica de 62 por cento, 67 por cento e 61 por cento e aumento da espessura da capa de 188 por cento, 98 por cento e 140 por cento, respectivamente...
Background: Bare metal stents (BMS) and drug-eluting stents (DES) are used to treat unstable plaques and may stabilize thin cap fibroatheromas (TCFA). This study was designed to evaluate stabilizing effects of bare compared to Everolimus (EES) and Beta-Estradiol (BES) eluting stents in a chronic atherosclerotic experimental animal model of TCFA. Methods: Sixteen New Zealand hypercholesterolemic rabbits followed for 4 years were studied. Six animals received BMS, 5 EES and 5 BES (Guidant Santa Clara, CA, USA). One polymer stent per animal was also implanted. Histologic analysis at 28 days of de-novo vs. BMS, EES, and BES stented TCFA were performed. Results: BMS, EES, and BES stented TCFA showed reductions in lipid area by 62%, 67%, and 61%, and increases in cap thickness by 188%, 98%, and 140% respectively (p < 0.0001 for all). Strut-induced ruptured TCFA was found in 63% of stented sections and was associated with increased neointima in BMS (p = 0.03) but not in EES or BES (p = ns). Conclusions: Stenting thin cap fibroatheroma with BMS, EES and BES reduces lipid accumulation and increases cap thickness. Strut-induced fibrous cap rupture was frequently found...